You have a lot of good advice but while you just have the one lens, you can learn with it. It may be frustrating but you can learn how to use the camera and all about exposure. Shooting sports is not an easy thing to learn with, but you can do it with practice. Hopefully, you can get to some of the team's practices and try different things.
Obviously, baseball is played outdoors, so conditions can vary a lot, which means there is no standard settings, but on the bright side shooting indoor sports is usually even harder. For action you want to use the fastest shutter speeds you can. If it is a really dark day this becomes difficult and you may have to really use a wide open aperture (lower numbered f stop) and so you will not have as much depth of field. Personally I like to use shutter priority for sports, and always check a few test shots to see what aperture and ISO I'm getting and adjust from there. The photo you posted was kind of dark, your camera is probably set to meter the whole scene's light, try spot metering on a scene like that, it will meter the light in the area where you are focused.
These are just a couple of ideas, there are different ways to do things. But the biggest thing you can do right now is practice and learn the camera and develop photography skills. Don't feel bad about not getting something right, we all had to start somewhere and you're starting under pressure. Please come back here and post questions whenever you have them, we all come here to get help and give help. I've been doing photography for many years now, and I learn something new every time I go out with a camera, and I still have a lot to learn.
And for lenses, if you can find something a little longer that is inexpensive to learn from, go for it. Even a 24-105 has twice the reach of your lens. And you could find EF lenses for less, but you would have to add a couple hundred for an EF-R adapter (Canon sells refurbished lenses also) I have not personally used EF lenses and an adapter, but I read good things about it.
