Well the good news is that just about anything being sold in the stores (new) in a Canon mount will fit, whether it has an EF-S or EF designation as used by Canon or EF-S comptible mount which Sigma & Tamron use. However if you suspect that down the road you may want to switch to a full frame body try selecting lenses designed as EF mount compatible.
As for filters most screw onto the end of the lens, so they are usually bought to match the lens they'll go on BUT there are step down & step up adapters so you can share a filter across some of your lenses but sometimes the adapter will cause vignetting depending on just how small the final circle is relative to the lens element. Many don't like the idea of using a UV or Skylight filter to protect the lens due to softening of the images so do your homework on that before spending money on something you'll abandon. For Polarizers it needs to be a Circular Polarizer, & good ones are expensive, cheap ones aren't worth buying.
Can't help on the macro side of this because I'm not into macro.
"A skill is developed through constant practice with a passion to improve, not bought."
